white lotus rebellion

Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion."[7]. Although the rebellion continued for nine years, it never became an organized attempt to establish a new dynasty. Buddhist sects, such as the White Lotus sect, a group that attracted many followers among the Chinese lower classes. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. Corrections? The rebellion grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. Contents 1 Daze Village Uprising 2 Rebellion of the Seven States 3 Llin 4 Chimei 5 Yellow Turban Rebellion 6 Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion 7 An Shi Rebellion 8 Red Turban Rebellion 9 Li Zicheng's Rebellion 10 Revolt of the Three Feudatories The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. The White Lotus rebellion was an eight year uprising that led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. (present perfect, tell). Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures used by the religious groups. A decree from the Emperor Daoguang admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" Using the arrest of sectarian members as a threat, local officials and police extorted money from people. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. As one Qing official complained:[6], "The rebels are all our own subjects. Save up to $6,685 on one of 9 used Lotus Evora 400s in Frisco, TX. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[9]. The rules of Emperor Kangxi from 1661 to 1772 and Emperor Qianlong from 1735 to 1796 were still considered the golden age of prosperity. The White Lotus Rebellion White Lotus (Pai-lien chiao) sectarianism appealed to Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." Rapid and often reckless development of the Shensi uplands, however, often led to soil erosion, rapid loss of fertility, and declining crop output. The Qing had forbidden agriculture in the northern regions, which were left to the Mongol pastoralists, but the introduction of new world crops such as potato and maize opened the northern region plains farming. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, he took the title Hongwu and founded a new dynasty - the Ming. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The nine-years long White Lotus war had devastated a large number of districts in Central China. The Chinese authorities burned 20,000 bales of opium, and the British retaliated with a devastating invasion of mainland China, in two wars known as the Opium Wars of 183942 and 185660. The British under Queen Victoria were a huge market for Chinese teas, but the Qing refused to engage in trade negotiations, rather demanding that Britain pay for the tea in gold and silver. Tibet has been an independent country throughout the historical period and since time immemorial according to Tibetans' own myth-based sense of, Xinjiang (shnjyng) or Sinkiang (shnjyng, snkyng) [Chinese,=new frontier], officially Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Mandarin Xinjiang U, For more information on Chinese history and culture, seeVol. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Nothing is known of his end. Sun Yat-Sen was elected the first president of China, and the Republican era of China had begun. Definition 1 / 6 - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China - large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces At the . The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. Kublai Khan (1215-1294) was the greatest of the Mongol emperors after Genghis Khan and founder of the Yan dynasty in China., Tibet One of the tools they used to stay in power was a very strict restriction on trade. Strong rebel leaders began to have major impacts on the ability of the Qing to rule. Explain semantic, declarative, episodic, and explicit memories. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. A major contribution to the downfall of the last dynasty were external forces, in the form of new Western technologies, as well as a gross miscalculation on the part of the Qing as to the strength of European and Asian imperialistic ambitions. [6], The Qing commanders sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. When Chinese peasants raised a huge anti-foreigner movement in 1900, called the Boxer Rebellion, they initially opposed both the Qing ruling family and the European powers (plus Japan). The White Lotus led impoverished slaves to freedom, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. What anecdote, or short personal story, does Didion tell at the beginning of the essay "Georgia O'Keeffe"? The river flooded constantly, and other natural disasters also occurred. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. [9], A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. International imperialism brought the Opium Wars (1840-42 and 1856-60), Sino-French War (1884-85), Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) and Boxer War (1898-1900). One Qing response was to suppress the word "revolution" by banning it from their world-history textbooks. [4] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. Rather than following the path of Japan's Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. View original page. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. The feared Manchu banners, since their conquests of the early 1700s, showed they were no longer a military force of much value, and the emperor had to recruit a new army made up of Chinese militia. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. ." By 1387, after more than thirty years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang had liberated all of China. [9] The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. The White lotus (Bailian Jiao, ) was a Buddhist political and religious movement that believed in a universal female divinity, the "Unborn Old Mother" who would gather all of her children towards the end of the millennium, into one large family. Encyclopedia.com. ThoughtCo. XIX Century Civil Wars. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. As you might expect, the collapse of China's Qing dynasty was a long and complex process. ", Without any clear enemy to fight, brutality against civilians became more common. Omissions? Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). [6] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. [citation needed]. _____ us amazing stories about her youth in Hong Kong. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. The rebels are all our own subjects. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. Then a turn of fortune and successive victories of the imperialists would almost annihilate their armies and crush all their hopes. Vast sums of money earmarked for the campaign against the rebels, however, were embezzled by the imperial favourite Heshen and his friends. A pattern emerged of growing rice in the valley bottoms, corn on the lower mountain slopes, and Irish potatoes on the higher land. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). When the White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804) occurred, the dynasty was forced to turn to peasant soldiers to suppress the rebels in central and southern China, since the regular army lacked the necessary strength and morale. In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. Corrections? Social uprisings against the Qing began with the White Lotus uprising in 17961820. Inventions Szczepanski, Kallie. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. He simply and quietly disappeared. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus. As one Qing official complained:[9]. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the deeply forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless "floating" people (liumin ) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. ." Alternate titles: Bailianjiao, Pai-lien chiao, San Jos State University - The White Lotus Religion in China. At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. Sometimes whole provinces were subdued by them, and it looked as if their efforts were going to be successful, and Western China, if no other part, would remain theirs. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. That history stretched back at least as far as 221 BCE when Qin Shi Huangdi first united China into a single empire. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. Civil conflicts including the White Lotus Rebellion (1774-1805), Xinjiang wars (1820s and 1860s) and Taiping Civil War (1850-64) broke out across Qing China. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. ", in, Zhang Shucai (1992). "White Lotus Rebellion Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. Sikh uprisings against the Mughal Empire in India, Pugachev's Revolt in the Russian Empire, and the White Lotus Rebellion in China mirrored the rebellions in the Atlantic world. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than four thousand soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). 11-07-2011 03:30:12 ZULU. Under the Ming and the Qing, the movement existed in small, secret congregations and its doctrines were spread through baojuan ("precious volumes . In 2014, with the publication of White Lotus Rebels and South China Pirates: Crisis and Reform in the Qing Empire (2014), Wensheng Wang challenged the perception of the Jiaqing reign (1796-1802) as a "dead middle hiatus" between its past and present by arguing that the emperor successfully carried out policy reforms that readjusted the priorities of governance and enabled the dynasty to . [10], The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. But as oue leader fell or was captured, another replaced him, and as the rebellion was extinguished in one place, it blazed out in another. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. The Qing state banned the religion, and it, The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). (2020, August 27). She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. ." [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas found in the scriptures with orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. Members of the society were not ethnically different from Han Chinese, but subscribed to a belief based on a mixture of Taoism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism. France seized Southeast Asia, creating its colony of French Indochina. [6], A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. //]]>. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. . Imperial Mistakes Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. An independent military force, the militia proved difficult to disband, and frequently it turned against the dynasty in the early 20th century. This book has since become an invaluable source in understanding the beliefs of these groups. Led by Lin Qing (; 1770-1813) and Li Wencheng, the revolt occurred in the Zhili, Shandong, and Henan provinces of China. id In the stockades they were organized into local militia defense corps. In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. Dream Homes of Texas on Instagram: "POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build in Frisco, Texas by the prestigious @monaco_pinnacle Follow @americas_realtor fore more luxury" Qing Dynasty, China's Last Imperial Family, The Boxer Rebellion in Editorial Cartoons, Biography of Sun Yat-sen, Chinese Revolutionary Leader, The Fall of the Ming Dynasty in China in 1644, Tibet and China: History of a Complex Relationship, The Complex Structure of Ethnic Conflict in the Frontier: Through the Debates Around the 'Jindandao Incident' in 1891, The Monarch and Inner/Outer Court Dualism in Late Imperial China, 'Revolution': Conceptualizing Political and Social Change in the Late Qing Dynasty, Moving to the Right Place at the Right Time: Economic Effects on Migrants of the Manchuria Plague of 191011, Size and Dynastic Decline: The Principal-Agent Problem in Late Imperial China, 17001850. Qing control weakened and prosperity diminished by the 19th century. [2][3]. Some of these militia groups were further trained as attack armies to seek out the rebels, whose forces were thinned by offers of amnesty to the rank and file and of rewards for the capture of the leaders. By that time, however, the regular government forces were too ridden with corruption to be of any use. Updates? Talking about Yuan's decline and fall, you should learn something about White Lotus Society. A second major contributor was internal turmoil, expressed in a series of devastating rebellions beginning in 1794 with the White Lotus rebellion, and ending with the Boxer Rebellion of 18991901 and Wuchang Uprising of 19111912. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion that occurred during the Qing Dynasty of China. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. What brought about the collapse of this once-mighty empire, ushering in the modern era in China? Write in the blank the verb and tense indicated in parentheses. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. The Qing believed that the way to avoid the errors of the White Lotus rebellion was to clamp down on foreign influence.

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