micrococcus luteus biochemical tests

Further tests that I would do would be testing how much heat resistance it has, the density of a broth suspended sample using a dilution series, test for more antibiotic resistances, and how well it can grow in antibacterial mediums and mediums of different pH levels. Klebsiella pneumoniae Micrococcus luteus Micrococcus roseus Proteus mirabilis Proteus vulgaris Pseudomonas aeruginosa Salmonella typhimurium Serratia marcescens Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermidis Streptococcus . // The microbiome of the nose. Although the Micrococcus rarely causes infections or problems in the body, with the compromised immune systems, it has been known to get certain skin infections that are caused by Micrococcus luteus. Only the Micrococcus luteus species contained cytochrome c oxidase. When looking at the genetic tests, most of the identified strains in the Korona test are Micrococcus luteus. Therefore I used this as my location to take my environmental sample from. Micrococci have Gram-positive spherical cells ranging from about 0.5 to 3 micrometers in diameter and typically appear in tetrads. . Micrococcus luteus ( Scanning electron micrograph ) Micrococcus luteus is a Gram-positive bacterium of the genus Micrococcus. This is a test for aerobic (able to use oxygen) catalase-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus and Micrococcus. Some of the Micrococcus are pigmented bacteria, for example, M. roseus produces reddish colonies and M. luteus produces yellow colonies. // Isolates of the M. luteus have been found to overproduce the riboflavin virus when they are grown on toxic organic pollutants like pyridine. I then transferred the pure culture into a TSB slant to preserve it, keeping it at around 3 degrees Celsius in the lab refrigerator. Bacillus megaterium fermented sugars but didn't grow in the anaerobic area of the butt. This is a test commonly used when trying to identify Gram-negative enteric bacteria, all of which are glucose fermenters but only some of which produce gas. Intro: Microbes are everywhere, even in the most extreme environments and conditions. It is an opportunistic pathogen, only pathogenic enough to cause disease in weakened immune systems (Medical Laboratories). My goal in this experiment was to isolate, characterize and identify a bacterial colony that arose from a sample taken from my roommates nose. We will discuss this shortly. Culture Characteristics: Colonies are shades of yellow or red. Environmental Testing. From: Infectious Diseases (Third Edition), 2010 View all Topics About this page The Micrococcus strains isolated from various infections were most probably misclassified as staphylococci. Micrococcus lylaeare Gram-positive cocci mostly arranged in tetrads. I chose to sample bacteria from inside my roommates nose. I then streaked the exposed swab onto a petri dish to allow the organisms to grow, incubating them at 25 degrees Celsius in a dark cabinet. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care. Obtain a glucose fermentation tube. Catalase, if present, will break down the hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It has been isolated from human skin. These families of bacteria produce colonies which are variable both in size, consistency, and the type of hemolysis produced on sBAP. Enterobacter aerogenes fermented the sugars but turned to the amino acids. Growth or weak growth is observed at 45C, at pH 10, and in the presence of 10% sodium chloride (NaCl). The microdase test, also known as modified oxidase test is a rapid test to differentiate Staphylococcus from Micrococcus which are Gram-positive cocci possessing catalase enzymes. Know more about our courses. The configurations are the result of the plane of cellular division exhibited by the organism. While every effort is made to ensure details distributed by Culture Collections are accurate, Culture Collections cannot be held responsible for any inaccuracies in the data supplied. It is Gram-positive cocci in tetrads, catalase-positive, coagulase-negative, arranged in clusters that differ from Staphylococcus in attacking sugars oxidatively which may appear in irregular clusters, groups of four or eight. I suspect that the API 20E test strip results were negated by having used an inactive colony, as the fluid thyoglycate test failed as well. For the detection of oxidase enzyme, filter paper circular disks impregnated with tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride in dimethyl sulfoxide are used. They are normal inhabitants of the human body and may even be essential in keeping the balance among the various . Table 1: Graph from Korona showing the percent reads of each organism, and to which taxonomic level. Figure 1. luteus is rarely found to be responsible for infections. They grow in circular, entire, convex, and creamy yellow-pigmented colonies with diameters of approximately 4 mm after 2-3 days at 37C. Benecky M. J.; Frew J. E.; Scowen N; Jones P, Hoffman B. M (1993). I am an associate professor in the Clinical Laboratory Science program at Wayne State University. The results of these tests provide a biochemical profile, or "fingerprint," that can be used to classify or even identify the bacterial species. // Micrococcus Public Health Agency of Canada., Public Health England. The API test strips lack of results suggests that the I used the wrong test strip, I probably needed to use the Staph test instead of the Strep test, because the Strep test is for when Catalase is absent, but there could have been catalase present. Like MSA, this medium also contains the pH indicator, phenol red. Hybridization studies show that there is no close genetic relationship between the species of Micrococcus bacteria. 2-9 In these reports micrococci were identified on the basis of their . M. luteus has a G-C content of about 65-75 mol%. I isolated the DNA by lysing the cell and using the Power Sol DNA Isolation Kit to isolate the DNA from the other parts of the cell. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Built with Enlightenment Theme and WordPress. Most of these are mesophiles; some, like Micrococcus antarcticus which is found in Antarctica, are psychrophiles. The species Micrococcus luteus (Schroeter 1872) Cohn 1872 (Approved Lists 1980) emend. download full PDF here, Some of the species of Micrococcus, such as M. luteus which is yellow in colour, and M. roseus which is red. Results: Regarding the gram stain test, my isolate was gram variable, I ensured that the strain was fresh so that the age of the culture was the same throughout the test. Alpha-hemolytic colonies often assume a greenish hue. Your email address will not be published. In future works with this microbe, I probably would want to purify the culture more and redo the tests. Methods: To start isolating the bacterium, I used a sterile swab wet with deionized water provided by the lab to pick up bacteria from the shower drain. Gram Staining. . For the micrococci, susceptibility to the antimicrobial agents, bacitracin and furazolidone, as well as the modified oxidase test can be performed to distinguish this group from the staphylococci. Sarah D. Perkins., Government of Canada, Public Health Agency of Canada. The first control consisted of plates of agar-agar to test sterility. Care must be taken when using a sample of organism acquired from a sBAP since erythrocytes also produce catalase. The colony morphology of being yellow, shiny and smooth line up perfectly with M. luteus (Public Health England). Several uncommon strains produce raised colonies with translucent, depressed centers. "EPR and ENDOR detection of compound I from Micrococcus lysodeikticus catalase". The GC content of the DNA ranges from about 65 to 75 mol%. Evaluation of Antibacterial Properties of Iranian Medicinal-Plants against Micrococcus Luteus, Serratia Marcescens, Klebsiella Pneumoniae and Bordetella Bronchoseptica.. The confidence on that reading is decently confident, evidenced by the blue coloring. The M. luteus genome encodes about four sigma factors and fourteen response regulators, a finding indicative of the adaptation to a rather strict ecological niche. Under the microscope they are round cells. Perkins1, Sarah D., Jennie Mayfield2, and Victoria Fraser3 And. Micrococcus spp. The differentiation is based on the detection of oxidase enzyme. The Culture Collections represent deposits of cultures from world-wide sources. Coagulase production is used as a virulence factor by the organism. Structure and PhysiologyThis bacteria is Gram-positive, spherical, and an obligate aerobe. The positive catalase result lines up with M. luteus (Public Health England). Growth can produce colonies of a certain size and consistency, as well as pigmentation. Unlike other actinobacteria, M. luteus expresses only one resuscitation-promoting factor that is required for the emergence from dormancy and has few other dormancy-related proteins. Micrococcus luteus pigment (Yellow) GLUCOSE FERMENTATION TEST This test detects the ability of the bacterium to break down glucose to pyruvic acid. It can be easily be mistaken for staphylococci, as they are very similar morphologically and physiologically (Wikipedia, Staphlyococcus Aureus). Micrococcus luteus growth on nutrient agar is bright mustard-yellow colonies as shown above image. M. luteus has one of the smallest genomes of actinobacteria with a circular chromosome of 2,501,097 base pairs and a GC content of 73%. Kaiju webserver metagenome binning analysis chart. I also had to do the thyoglycate test 3 times to get a conclusive result, further making me skeptical of how active the culture was during the physical tests during week 6, which is where almost all of the inconsistencies arose. Typical colonies are often described as gray to white, moist or glistening. Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 122(1):17-24. Micrococci are microbiologically characterized as gram-positive cocci, 0.5 to 3.5 m (micrometres; 1 m = 10-6 metre) in diameter. The staphylococci and micrococci are catalase producers while the streptococci, enterococci, and a variety of other Gram-positive cocci are catalase-negative. Continuing without changing cookie settings assumes you consent to our use of cookies on this device. J Gen Microbiol 30(1963)409-427 . Luteus is an obligate aerobe (medical. Micrococcus luteusare Gram-positive cocci mostly arranged in tetrads and larger than Staphylococcus. It is difficult to differentiate Kocuria from Micrococcus with conventional biochemical methods; therefore, these organisms are often reported together as Micrococcus/Kocuria species. Following incubation at 37oC, if the plasma forms a clot, the organism is coagulase positive. The negative oxidase result conflicts with M. luteus (Public Health England). The Bacterial Genomic DNA Isolation Kit provides convenient and simple step-by-step method for isolating quality genomic DNA from gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial species. The MacConkey agar is selective for gram-negative which is why my microbe didnt show much growth on it, and because it didnt change colors it means it didnt ferment the lactose. nishinomiyaensis and Micrococcus luteus. It has survived for at least 34,000 to 170,000 years, as assessed by 16S rRNA analysis, and possibly much longer. So far there are two genome sequences that have been done. The streptococci and enterococci are categorized by expression of either beta, alpha, or gamma hemolysis on sBAP, depending on the genus/species. AACC uses cookies to ensure the best website experience. (2010) What are microbes? They are found in many other places in the, M. luteus has one of the smallest genomes of all the bacteria. Abstract: Gliotoxin, an epipolythiodioxopiperazine, is a fungal metabolite that causes genomic DNA degradation preferentially in certain blood cell types including T lymphocytes and macrophages. After you have cultivated your organism on agar media, the next step is the microscopic examination. Micrococcus as the cause of infections is easy to overlook because the infections that are caused by this bacterium are rare as well as the bacterium is a natural part of the skin's bacterial flora. Micrococcus is a genus of bacteria that is present in the Micrococcaceae family. It is essential for differentiating catalase-positive Micrococcaceae from catalase-negative Streptococcaceae. This is termed alpha () hemolysis and results in a greenish color surrounding the colony. I think based on all this information, that my microbe is in fact micrococcus luteus as suggested by the PATRIC metagenome binning test, and the krona (Figure 1). Once a presumptive identification has been made based on colony and microscopic morphology and the catalase reaction, additional tests can be performed to establish the genus and species of the organism. Micrococcus luteus This Gram positive coccus is found in tetrads, irregular clusters, and cubical packets of eight. The staphylococci are characterized by the formation of clusters of many cocci. Micrococcus luteus Grown on BrainHeart Infusion Agar, Klebsiella characteristics on MacConkey Agar, Clinical Case Leukocyte Vacoulation Bacterial Infection, Segmented neutrophilic granulocyte during degradation, DIC (Disseminated intravascular coagulation), Creatinine Phosphate Kinase (CPK) and CK-MB Overview. Members of the Staphylcocci can be differentiated based on production of the enzyme coagulase. Micrococcus luteus is coagulase negative, bacitracin susceptible, and forms bright yellow colonies on nutrient agar. It did not reduce sulphur, digest gelatin, or reduce nitrate, among some of the more interesting tests, which all disagree with M. luteus. Microbiome 2(27). This would be read K/NC. I used the Kirby-Bauer, or disk diffusion test to test for this, described in lab handout 9. (2019, March 14). Micrococcus species occur in a wide range of environments, including dust, water, and soil. Micrococcus varians Micrococcus luteus Staphylococcus saprophyticus Staphylococcus epidermidis Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus mitis This can occur due to the presence of a reduced number of proteins that can bind to penicillin. To identify our isolate after obtaining the pure culture, we performed many different tests. They grow in circular, entire, convex, and usually non-pigmented or cream white colonies with diameters of approximately 4 mm after 2-3 days on the plate at 37C. Your email address will not be published. Reaction: To test for the presence of alpha amylase, a starch hydrolysis test can be performed. Table 2: Graph of the genomic reads by taxonomic level using Korona. When using a fluid thyoglycollate test it resulted in the isolate being a strict aerobe, with all of the bacterium being at the top of the medium where it is oxygenic. Whereas the M. variant has a G-C content of about 66-72mol%. The Micrococcus genus is known to be found on dust particles, in water, on skin and skin glands in vertebrates, and some species can be found in milk. November 27, 2021 at 9:14 AM Hi sir, why Macrococcus and Micrococcus will not ferment . Micrococcus are aerobic, Gram-positive cocci ranging in size from 0.5 to 2.0 m in diameter. M. luteus oxidize carbohydrates to form carbon dioxide and water, and it does not produce acid from the glucose as well as it does not make arginine dihydrolase or b-galactosidase. For example, M. luteus and M. lylae are 40-50% genetically different. When performing tests for physiological traits, the results were limited. They are generally strict aerobes and these can generally reduce nitrate concentration. All three types of hemolytic reactions are represented on this slide. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Next, we see an image of a mixed bacterial culture which displays the white, creamy, non- hemolytic colonies of Staphylococcus epidermidis mixed with the golden, hemolytic colonies of Staphylococcus aureus. Micrococcus luteus can synthesize the iso-branched and anteiso-branched alkenes by the head-to-head condensation of fatty-acid thioesters. However, the most promising antibiotic regimen that is proposed for the treatment of the Micrococcus luteus seems to be a combination of amikacin, vancomycin, and rifampicin. For the micrococci, susceptibility to the antimicrobial agents, bacitracin and furazolidone, as well as the modified oxidase test can be performed to distinguish this group from the staphylococci. Figure 2. Micrococcus was first isolated by Alexander Fleming in 1929, as Micrococcus lysodeikticus before it was known as micrococcus luetus (Ganz et al, 2002) Micrococcus is generally thought of as harmless bacterium, but there have been rare cases of Micrococcus infections in people with compromised immune systems, as occurs with HIV patients. Staphylococci were distinguished by their ability to form acid from glucose anaerobically and sarcinas by the formation of cubical packets. They are fairly ubiquitous in the environment, and are small (0.5 to 3.5 micrometers in diameter) and non-motile. Oral microbial flora of reptiles includes bacteria from Proteus, Porphyromonas, Micrococcus, Salmonella and Staphylococcus genera 5,8,15. Baird-Parker, A. c.: A classification of micrococci and staphylococci based on physiological and biochemical tests. A positive test leads to the development of blue or purple-blue on the disc within two minutes. Results of the biochemical tests demonstrated that the M. luteus and M. varians strains could be distinguished by their actions on glucose and nitrate reduction (Table I). Micrococcus is a spherical bacterium found on dead or decaying organic matter while Staphylococcus is a gram-positive bacterial genus that produces a bunch of grape-like bacterial clusters. When looking at the antibiotic test results, the isolate is resistant to none of the applied antibiotics, and is only lightly to intermediately resistant to oxacillin. This bacterium is often arranged in the form of circular tetrads and it forms bright yellow colonies on nutrient agar. As its name suggests, mannitol salt agar (MSA) contains 1% mannitol (sugar), 7.5% salt, and agar as a solidifying agent. Most of the bacterium in the gram stains were gram negative, but a significant amount, about twenty percent, showed up as gram positive. The skin infections or chronic cutaneous infections that are caused can result in pruritic eruptions of the skin in some of the areas as well as scattered papule lesions with or without central ulcerations. Although many of the members of these families have low pathogenicity and are classified as causes of opportunistic infections, those organisms most often cited as pathogens are listed on this slide. Subscribe to our e-mail newsletter to receive updates. The differentiation is based on the detection of the oxidase enzymes. M. luteus present on the human skin can transform compounds present in sweat into compounds with an unpleasant odour. The oxygen class and the gram positiveness of the microbe also matches up with that of Micrococcus luteus. The microscopic morphology of the organisms as visualized using the Grams stain can give initial clues as to the possible identification of the organism. Cultures:- Nutrient broth cultures of Micrococcus luteus and Proteus vulgaris (young cultures) Procedure: Wet Mount Preparation . This kit utilizes enzymatic reactions to release bacterial DNA from the cell. 1. The conflicting results of the metagenome binning and the catalase test influenced this mistake. Micrococcus luteus are Gram-positive, to Gram-variable, motile -non motile, that are 0.5 to 3.5 micrometers in diameter and usually arranged in tetrads or irregular clusters. Hybridization studies indicate that species within the genus Micrococcus are not closely related, showing as little as 50% sequence similarity. I then repeated this three more times to further purify the isolate. Thus, when dealing with Micrococcus infections, it usually takes several cultures that are being grown and examined before one realizes that Micrococcus is indeed the culprit. The kaiju metagenome binning shows that the microbe sample is not completely pure (Figure 2). Though today the immuno-compromised patients take the risk of the infection that has grown. I used an API Strep test to determine more of the sugars the bacteria could ferment. Discussion: When looking at all of the results for my isolate, they are not all consistent with Micrococcus luteus. With the advent of newer molecular techniques, genus and species confirmation is even faster and easier. Complete lysis of the erythrocytes in the vicinity of the growing colony. Isolates of the M. luteus have been found to overproduce the riboflavin, Micrococcus Luteus Gram Stain Characteristics, Micrococci have been isolated from the human skin, animal and dairy products, and in beer. The differentiation is based on the detection of the oxidase enzymes. The tests that did not agree were most likely from not having an active colony used in the experiment, such as the oxidase test being negative or the API 20 E test strip showing that the isolate did not reduce nitrate, which it does, referencing Medical Laboratories. Wieser et al. [3] Label the slide with the name of the organism; Place 15 - 20 uL of the culture in the middle of the slide Although of low virulence, the germs may become more pathogenic in patients with impaired resistance, colonizing the surface of, Difference Between Cyclic and Non Cyclic Photophosphorylation, Difference Between National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary, CBSE Class 12 Biology Question Paper 2020, CBSE Class 12 Biology Question Paper 2019, CBSE Class 12 Biology Question Paper 2018, CBSE Class 12 Biology Question Paper 2017, CBSE Class 12 Biology Question Paper 2016, CBSE Class 12 Biology Question Paper 2015, CBSE Class 12 Biology Question Paper 2014, CBSE Class 12 Biology Question Paper 2013, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2020, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2019, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2018, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2017, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2016, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2015, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2014, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2013, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2012, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2011, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2010, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2009, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2008, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2007, ICSE Class 10 Biology Question Paper 2020, ICSE Class 10 Biology Question Paper 2019, ICSE Class 10 Biology Question Paper 2018, Difference Between Gram positive and Gram negative Bacteria, How are Cactus Adapted to Survive in a Desert - Overview and Facts, Areolar Tissue- Overview, Characteristics, Function and Types, Synovial Fluid - Function, Definition, and Structure, Immunoglobulin - Functions, Antibodies, Differences and Types, Vallisneria Plant- Overview, Structure and Function, Natural Disasters- Overview, Structure and Function, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10. It is reported here that gliotoxin selectively spares a unique class of haemopoietic stem cell that forms large (HPP) colonies in the presence of mixtures of MCSF and IL3. Micrococcus luteus are Gram-positive cocci mostly arranged in tetrads and larger than Staphylococcus. Micrococcus luteus is found in lots of places including skin, soil, dust, water, air, mouth, mucosae, oropharynx, and upper respiratory tract of humans (Wikipedia, Micrococcus luteus, 2019). I hypothesized that it would be a bacteria commonly found in the nasal cavities and likely from the aforementioned phyla, so it would likely do best living in an aerobic, humid, and warm environment. The EMB agar showed no growth or change in color, also indicating the microbe was gram positive and a non-fermenter.

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